Kingdom of Westphalia
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| Kingdom of Westphalia | ||||||
| Royaume de Westphalie (fr) Königreich Westphalen (de) |
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| Client state of France | ||||||
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| Motto Character und Aufrichtigkeit "Character and Honesty" |
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The Kingdom of Westphalia in 1812.
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| Capital | Kassel | |||||
| Languages | German, French (official) Low German (regional) |
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| Religion | Roman Catholic | |||||
| Government | Constitutional monarchy | |||||
| King | ||||||
| - | 1807–1813 | Jérôme I | ||||
| Prime Minister | ||||||
| - | 1807–1813 | Joseph Jérôme | ||||
| Legislature | Reichsstände | |||||
| Historical era | Napoleonic Wars | |||||
| - | Treaty of Tilsit | 9 July 1807 | ||||
| - | Constitution adopted | 7 December 1807 | ||||
| - | Battle of Leipzig | 19 October 1813 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | 1809 | 37,883 km² (14,627 sq mi) | ||||
| - | 1810 | 63,652 km² (24,576 sq mi) | ||||
| - | 1812 | 45,427 km² (17,539 sq mi) | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 1809 est. | 1,950,724 | ||||
| Density | 51.5 /km² (133.4 /sq mi) | |||||
| - | 1810 est. | 2,612,000 | ||||
| Density | 41 /km² (106.3 /sq mi) | |||||
| - | 1812 est. | 2,065,970 | ||||
| Density | 45.5 /km² (117.8 /sq mi) | |||||
| Currency | Westphalian frank | |||||
| Today part of |  Germany |
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Napoleon imposed the first written modern constitution in Germany, a French-style central administration, and agricultural reform. The Kingdom liberated the serfs and gave everyone equal rights and the right to a jury trial. In 1808 the Kingdom passed Germany's first laws granting Jews equal rights, thereby providing a model for reform in the other German states. Westphalia seemed to be progressive in immediately enacting and enforcing the new reforms.
The country was relatively poor but Napoleon demanded heavy taxes and payments, and conscripted soldiers. Few of the men who marched into Russia with Napoleon in 1812 ever returned. The Kingdom was bankrupt by 1812. When Napoleon was retreating in the face of Allied advances in 1813, the Kingdom was overrun by the Allies and (in 1815) most of its territories became Prussian ruled. Most of the reforms, however, remained in place.[2]
Contents
Formation
Location of the Kingdom of Westphalia within the Confederation of the Rhine, 1812.
Since it was intended as a Napoleonic "model state", a constitution was written and enacted by King Jérôme on 7 December 1807, the day after he had arrived in Kassel, making Westphalia the first monarchy in Germany with a modern-style constitution. The constitution made all male residents citizens of equal rights. Thus serfs were liberated and Jews emancipated, and soccage was abolished. The Napoleonic code was enacted, doing away with guilds and providing for the right of capitalism. A metric system of weights and measures was introduced.
The organisers used French terms to designate the regional territories within the kingdom: departments received names based on watercourses (Elbe, Saale, Weser, Fulda, Leine, Ocker) and mountains (Harz), regardless of their traditional names. These departments were generally composed of territories taken from a number of principalities. Compared to the departments of France itself the Westphalian departments were relatively small and sparsely populated. [3]
While administrative divisions (departments, districts and cantons) were certainly less unequal than the previous territorial divisions, uniformity does not appear to have been a determining factor in their creation. The desire to break from the past, and not just simply from the random territorial divisions of the former manorial justices, especially influenced the cantonal distribution.[4] Just as before the conquest, freedom of expression remained curtailed and censorship was instituted. In 1810 the coastal and northern départements North (capital: Stade) and Lower Elbe (capital: Lunenburg) had to be ceded to the French Empire.
Jews
Following the French example, Jewish congregations were reorganised and a Consistory (Royal Westphalian Consistory of the Israelites ) supervising them was established. The former Brunswick-Wolfenbüttelian merchant and man of letters, Israel Jacobson, became its consistorial president, assisted by a board of officers. Jacobson did his best to exercise a reforming influence upon the various congregations of the country. He opened a house of prayer in Kassel, with a ritual similar to that introduced in Seesen. Napoléon's inglorious so-called décret infâme, restricting again the rights of many French Jews, did not apply in Westphalia.Russian conquest
A significant burden on the kingdom was the requirement to supply troops and financial support for the Napoleonic wars. Large numbers of Westphalian troops fought in the Russian campaign of 1812; the Westphalian Guards heroically but unsuccessfully charged the Raevski Redoubt during the Battle of Borodino.In September 1813, Russian troops surrounded Kassel, defeated the French completely and retook the city. By October 1 they had conquered the whole Kingdom, but three days later Jérôme returned with French soldiers and managed to recapture Kassel. The Elector of Hesse-Kassel arrived soon after and the Russians besieged the city again. After France lost the Battle of the Nations on 19 October 1813, the Russians dissolved the Kingdom and restored the status quo of 1806 except for Kaunitz-Rietberg and Stolberg-Wernigerode, with Prussia regaining control.
Coat of arms
The arms reflect the incorporated territories. The first quarter shows the silver horse of Westphalia, the second the lion of Hesse over the counties of Diez, Nidda and Katzenelnbogen, the third was newly designed for non specified territories around Magdeburg and the fourth combined Brunswick, Diepholz, Lüneburg and Lauterburg. Around the shield are the Order of the Crown of Westphalia and the French ‘Grand Aigle’. Above is Napoleon's star. Typical for Napoleonic heraldry are the crossed sceptres.Jérôme Bonaparte
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other people named Jérôme Bonaparte, see Jérôme Bonaparte (disambiguation).
| Jérôme I | |||||
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Portrait of Jérôme I by François Gérard
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| King of Westphalia | |||||
| Reign | 8 July 1807 – 26 October 1813 | ||||
| Prince of Montfort | |||||
| Tenure | July 1816 – 24 June 1860 | ||||
| Spouse | Elizabeth Patterson Catharina of Württemberg Giustina Pecori-Suárez |
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Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte-Patterson Jérôme Napoléon Charles Bonaparte Mathilde Bonaparte, Princesse de San Donato Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte Illegitimate: Karl Philipp Heinrich Bach |
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| House | House of Bonaparte | ||||
| Father | Carlo Buonaparte | ||||
| Mother | Letizia Ramolino | ||||
| Born | 15 November 1784 Ajaccio, Corsica |
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| Died | 24 June 1860 (aged 75) Villegenis, France |
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| Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||
| Signature |  |
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Contents
Early life
Jérôme was born "Girolamo Buonaparte" in Ajaccio, Corsica the eighth and last surviving child, fifth surviving son, of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino. He was a younger brother of his siblings: Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon Bonaparte, Lucien Bonaparte, Elisa Bonaparte, Louis Bonaparte, Pauline Bonaparte and Caroline Bonaparte.
Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte Triple portrait by Gilbert Stuart, 1804
Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia and Queen Catharina
King of Westphalia
realm (1807-1813), created, by Napoleon, from the several states and principalities in northwestern Germany (in the former thousand-year old Holy Roman Empire). It was later reorganized by Napoleon into the Confederation of the Rhine and then after his defeat, the Allies were to reorganise the German states into a German Confederation with Austrian leadership, largely overriding prior claim of lesser states.
The Napoleonic realm of Westphalia had its capital in Kassel (then: Cassel). Jérôme was married, as arranged by Napoleon to HRH Princess Catharina of Württemberg, the daughter of Frederick I, King of Württemberg. A marriage to a German princess intended to boost the dynastic standing of the young French king.
When Jérôme and Catharina arrived in Kassel, they found the palaces in a plundered state. As such, they placed orders for an array of stately furniture and expensive silverware with leading Parisian manufactures. Local artisans, eager for commissions, oriented themselves with these French models. The King also intended to refurbish his capital architecturally. The court theatre ranks among the small number of projects realised. Jérôme had it designed by Leo von Klenze and constructed next to the summer residence, previously known as "Wilhelmshöhe", it was changed to "Napoleonshöhe". To emphasize his rank as a ruler, and pander to his own ego, Jérôme commissioned grandiose state portraits of himself and his spouse, Queen Catharina. Other paintings were to celebrate his military exploits, with many of France's most prominent painters taken into his employ.
As a model state, the Kingdom of Westphalia was expected by Napoleon to serve as an example for the other German states. It received the first constitution and parliament to be found on German soil (decades before other parliaments, legislatures, reichstags, bundesrats, etc. such as in Frankfurt in 1848). Jérôme imported the Empire style from Paris, bestowing the new state with a modern, representative appearance. The small kingdom thus received more attention since the famous "Treaty of Westphalia" which ended the Thirty Years' War a hundred and fifty years earlier in 1648. Thanks to these efforts by King Jerome, Kassel celebrated an enormous cultural upturn.
However, Jérôme's expensive habits earned him the contempt of Napoleon. His court incurred expenses comparable to Napoleon's court (which oversaw a vastly larger and more important realm), and Napoleon refused to support Jérôme financially.[3]
In 1812, Jérôme was given command of a corps in the "Grande Armee", marching towards Minsk. Insisting on travelling "in state", Napoleon reprimanded Jerome, ordering him to leave his court and luxurious trappings behind. After the Battle of Mir Jérome occupied Mir Castle. In pique, of Napoleon's order, Jérôme returned with his entire court and train to Westphalia. After the defeat in Russia, the following winter, Jerome petitioned Napoleon to allow his wife to come to Paris, fearing the advance of the Allied armies. On the second attempt, Napoleon granted permission.
Jérôme briefly re-entered the army in 1813, when his Kingdom was being threatened from the east by the advancing allied Prussian and Russian armies. He led a small force to challenge their invasion. Following a clash with an enemy detachment, he made camp with his army, hoping for reinforcements from the French army in the west. However, before reinforcements arrived the main allied force captured the capital Kassel. The Kingdom of Westphalia was declared dissolved and Jérôme's kingship ended. He then fled to join his wife, the former queen, in France.
The Hundred Days
Early 19th century enamel with portrait of Jérôme Bonaparte.
Tomb of Jérôme Bonaparte, Les Invalides
Later years
Although Catharina was aware of Jérôme's womanising and affairs, she remained true to her husband. They had a son, Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte (1822–1891), also known as "Prince Napoleon" or "Plon-Plon." Their second child, a daughter, Princess Mathilde Bonaparte, was a prominent hostess during and after the Second French Empire of Napoleon III (1852-1870).After the dissolution of his Kingdom, Jérôme was given the title of "Prince of Montfort" (French: prince de Montfort)[4] by his father-in-law, King Frederick I of Württemberg, in July 1816.[5] Previously, in 1814, the King had forced Jérôme and his wife to leave the country. During their exile, they visited the United States (his second time). Jérôme later returned to France and joined Napoleon during his "Hundred Days"' attempt to restore the Empire.
Later, Jérôme moved to Italy, where he married his third wife, Giustina Pecori-Suárez. She was the widow of an Italian Marquess, Luigi Bartolini-Baldelli.
In 1848, his nephew, Prince Louis Napoleon, became President of the second French Republic. Jérôme was made governor of Les Invalides in Paris, which was the burial place of Napoleon I. When Louis Napoleon became emperor as Napoleon III, Jérôme was recognized as the heir presumptive to the re-established imperial throne until the birth of Napoléon Eugène, Prince Imperial. Jérôme was named a Marshal of France in 1850, served as President of the Senate (the upper house in the French Republic's parliament, compared with the lower house of the National Assembly) in 1852, and received the title of "Prince Français".
Jérôme Bonaparte died on 24 June 1860, at Villegenis, France (today known as Massy in Essonne). He is buried in Les Invalides.
His grandson, Charles Joseph Bonaparte (son of Jerome "Bo" Napoleon Bonaparte, 1805-1870), served as United States Secretary of the Navy and United States Attorney General in President Theodore Roosevelt's administration, 1901-1909. In 1908, he established a Bureau of Investigation within the 38-year-old Department of Justice. The bureau grew under director J. Edgar Hoover and was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935.
Another grandson was Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte II, (1829-1893). In the early 1850s, he graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, was commissioned an officer in the United States Army, and served with the Mounted Rifles in Texas on the American southwestern frontier. He eventually resigned his commission and joined the forces of his cousin, the Emperor Napoleon III in his second French Empire.
Among Jérôme Bonaparte's illegitimate children was Baroness Jenny von Gustedt, born as Jeromée Catharina Rabe von Pappenheim (1811–1890). She became the grandmother of the German Socialist and Feminist writer Lily Braun.
In fiction and popular culture
The 1923 German comedy film The Little Napoleon is loosely based around his life. He is played by Paul Heidemann.In the Hornblower television series, he was portrayed by British actor David Birkin. The last episode (Duty) introduces Jérôme and Elizabeth ('Betsy'). Adrift in an open boat, they are picked up by Captain Hornblower's ship; Jérôme poses as a harmless Swiss citizen, but Hornblower identifies him. After many diplomatic manoeuvres, the British government decides that Jérôme is of no political importance after all, and he is allowed to return to France while Elizabeth put aboard a passing American ship.
Jerome and Betsy's marriage is portrayed in the historical novel "The Ambitious Madame Bonaparte" by Ruth Hull Chatlien, published in 2013.
Jérôme may have been a source of inspiration for the character of Prince Hans, the primary antagonist of Disney's 2013 movie musical Frozen.[citation needed]
Family
- Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte (1805–1870)
- Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte II (1830–1893)
- Louise-Eugénie Bonaparte (1873–1923)
- Jerome Napoleon Charles Bonaparte (1878–1945)
- Charles Joseph Bonaparte (1851–1921)
- Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte II (1830–1893)
- Jérôme Napoléon Charles Bonaparte, 2nd Prince of Montfort, Prince Français (1814–1847)
- Mathilde Bonaparte (1820–1904) married Anatole Demidoff, 1st Prince de San Donato
- Napoléon Joseph Bonaparte (1822–1891) married Princess Clotilde of Savoy
- Napoléon Victor Bonaparte (1862–1926) married Princess Clementine of Belgium
- Clotilde Bonaparte (1912–1996) married Serge de Witt
- Louis Bonaparte (1914–1997) married Alix de Foresta
- Charles Bonaparte (1950–) married Princess Beatrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Jeanne-Françoise Valliccioni
- Caroline Napoléon Bonaparte (1980–)
- Jean-Christophe Napoléon Bonaparte (1986–)
- Sophie Cathérine Bonaparte (1992–)
- Catherine Bonaparte (1950–) married Marquis Nicola di San Germano, Jean Dualé
- Laura Bonaparte (1952–) married Jean-Claude Leconte
- Jerome Xavier Bonaparte (1957–)
- Charles Bonaparte (1950–) married Princess Beatrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Jeanne-Françoise Valliccioni
- Napoléon Louis Joseph Jérôme Bonaparte (1864–1932)
- Maria Letizia Bonaparte (1866–1926) married Amedeo, 1st Duke of Aosta
- Napoléon Victor Bonaparte (1862–1926) married Princess Clementine of Belgium
Titles, styles and arms
| Monarchical styles of Jérôme I of Westphalia |
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| Reference style | His Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Sire |
Titles and styles
- 15 November 1784 - circa 1795: Nobile Girolamo Buonaparte
- circa 1795 - 1806: Jerome Bonaparte
- 1806 - 8 July 1807: Jerome-Napoleon, French Prince
- 8 July 1807 - 26 October 1813: His Majesty The King of Westphalia
- 31 July 1816 - 2 December 1852: Jerome-Napoleon, Prince of Montfort
- 2 December 1852 - 18 June 1860: Jerome-Napoleon, French Prince, Prince of Montfort
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